Table of Contents
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 1
21: “He argued that hunter-gatherers…” Diamond, J. (1999). The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race. Retrieved from http://discovermagazine.com/1987/may/02-the-worst-mistake-in-the-history-of-the-human-race
22: “After agriculture was adopted…” Diamond, J. (1999). The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race. Retrieved from http://discovermagazine.com/1987/may/02-the-worst-mistake-in-the-history-of-the-human-race
22: “Their life expectancy at birth…” Diamond, J. (1999). The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race. Retrieved from http://discovermagazine.com/1987/may/02-the-worst-mistake-in-the-history-of-the-human-race
23: “Their hunter-gatherer ancestors…” Cochran, G., & Harpending, H. (2009). The 10,000 Year Explosion. New York: Basic Books. p. 76
23: “Their farming descendants…” Guyenet, S. (2009). Paleopathology at the Origins of Agriculture. Retrieved from http://wholehealthsource.blogspot.com/2009/03/paleopathology-at-origins-of.html
23: “Hunter-gatherer populations…” Kaplan, H., & Gurven, M. (2007). Longevity Among Hunter-Gatherers: A Cross-Cultural Examination. Population and Development Review, 33(2), 321–365.
24: “Recent research that…” Eaton, S. B., Cordain, L., & Lindeberg, S. (2002). Evolutionary health promotion: a consideration of common counterarguments. Prev Med.,34(2), 119–123. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/11817904
24: “Recent research that…” Kaplan, H., & Gurven, M. (2007). Longevity Among Hunter-Gatherers: A Cross-Cultural Examination. Population and Development Review, 33(2), 321–365.
25: “Stronger bones” Carrera-Bastos, P., et al. (2011). The western diet and lifestyle and diseases of civilization. Research Reports in Clinical Cardiology, 2011(2), 15–35. Retrieved from http://www.dovepress.com/the-western-diet-and-lifestyle-and-diseases-of-civilization-peer-reviewed-article-RRCC-MVP
25: “According to Dr. Staffan Lindeberg…” Lindeberg, S. (2010). Food and Western Disease: Health and Nutrition From an Evolutionary Perspective. West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 58
26: “Low levels of each…” Lindeberg, S. (2010). Food and Western Disease: Health and Nutrition From an Evolutionary Perspective. West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 115
26: “The elderly residents of Kitava…” Lindeberg, S. (2010). Food and Western Disease: Health and Nutrition From an Evolutionary Perspective. West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 62
27: “He noted that the Inuit were…” Guyenet, S. (2008). The Inuit: Lessons from the Arctic. Retrieved from http://wholehealthsource.blogspot.com/2008/07/inuit-lessons-from-arctic.html
27: “He praised the Inuit’s “magnificent dental development”…” Price, W. A. (2006). Nutrition and Physical Degeneration. La Mesa, CA: Price-Pottenger Nutrition Foundation. p. 59
28: “A study published in 1991…” O’Dea, K. (1991). Cardiovascular disease risk factors in Australian aborigines. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol., 18(2), 85–88. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/2022081
28: “Studies show that children…” Dagnelie, P. C., et al. (1990). High prevalence of rickets in infants on macrobiotic diets. Am J Clin Nutr., 51(2), 202–208. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/2154918
28: “Breast-fed babies of macrobiotic mothers…” Dagnelie, P. C., et al. (1990). High prevalence of rickets in infants on macrobiotic diets. Am J Clin Nutr., 51(2), 202–208. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/2154918
29: “Cultures that are heavily dependent…” Kuming, B. S., & Politzer, W. M. (1967). Xerophthalmia and protein malnutrition in Bantu children. Br J Ophthalmol., 51(10), 649–666. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/6054898
29: “Dr. Mellanby discovered that…” Guyenet, S. (2012). Beyond Ötzi: European Evolutionary History and its Relevance to Diet. Part III. Retrieved from http://wholehealthsource.blogspot.com/2012/05/beyond-otzi-european-evolutionary_17.html
30: “The answer is that…” Fonseca-Azevedo, K., & Herculano-Houzel, S. (2012). Metabolic constraint imposes tradeoff between body size and number of brain neurons in human evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A., 109(45), 18571–18576. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/23090991
31: “With falling prices…” Carrera-Bastos, P., et al. (2011). The western diet and lifestyle and diseases of civilization. Research Reports in Clinical Cardiology, 2011(2), 15–35. Retrieved from http://www.dovepress.com/the-western-diet-and-lifestyle-and-diseases-of-civilization-peer-reviewed-article-RRCC-MVP
31: “For example, the Alyawarra tribe…” Henry, C. (2012). How much food does man require? New insights. Nutrition Bulletin, 37(3), 241–246. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-3010.2012.01979.x/abstract
32: “In Papua New Guinea…” World Health Rankings. (2011). Coronary Heart Disease in Uganda. Retrieved from http://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/uganda-coronary-heart-disease
32: “Today, the rate of heart attacks…” ABC News. (2009). PNG to ban lamb meat amid heart disease spike. Retrieved from http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-03-16/png-to-ban-lamb-meat-amid-heart-disease-spike/1620648
32: “Today, the rate of heart attacks…” Right Diagnosis. Statistics by Country for Heart Disease. Retrieved from http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/h/heart_disease/stats-country.htm
32: “Thirty years later…” Lindeberg, S. (2010). Food and Western Disease: Health and Nutrition From an Evolutionary Perspective. West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 104
32: “Today, half of all…” The Pima Indians. (n.d.). Obesity Associated with High Rates of Diabetes in the Pima Indians. Retrieved from http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/pima/obesity/obesity.htm
33: “When some of the South Pacific…” Guyenet, S. (2009). The Tokelau Island Migrant Study: Diabetes. Retrieved from http://wholehealthsource.blogspot.com/2009/01/tokelau-island-migrant-study-diabetes.html
33: “Evolutionary biologist Scott Williamson…” Williamson, S. H., et al. (2007). Localizing recent adaptive evolution in the human genome. PLoS Genet., 3(6), e90. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/17542651
34: “In fact, archaeological evidence…” Cochran, G., & Harpending, H. (2009). The 10,000 Year Explosion. New York: Basic Books. p. 83
34: “In some Northern European…” Cochran, G., & Harpending, H. (2009). The 10,000 Year Explosion. New York: Basic Books. p. 77
35: “Populations with historically high…” Perry, G. H., et al. (2007). Diet and the evolution of human amylase gene copy number variation. Nat Genet., 39(10), 1256–1260. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/17828263
35: “These mutations appear…” Cochran, G., & Harpending, H. (2009). The 10,000 Year Explosion. New York: Basic Books. p. 79
35: “Changes in the expression…” Hancock, A. M., et al. (2010). Colloquium paper: human adaptations to diet, subsistence, and ecoregion are due to subtle shifts in allele frequency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A., 107(Suppl 2), 8924–8930. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/20445095
35: “Researchers have identified…” Hehemann, J. H., et al. (2010). Transfer of carbohydrate-active enzymes from marine bacteria to Japanese gut microbiota. Nature., 464(7290), 908–912. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/20376150
35: “And some studies suggest…” He, T., et al. (2008). Effects of yogurt and bifidobacteria supplementation on the colonic microbiota in lactose-intolerant subjects. J Appl Microbiol., 104(2), 595–604. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/17927751
Chapter 2
48: “A large review of studies…” Micha, R., Wallace, S. K., & Mozaffarian, D. (2010). Red and processed meat consumption and risk of incident coronary heart disease, stroke, and diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation., 121(21), 2271–2283. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/20479151
49: “They found that vegetarians…” Key, T. J., et al. (1996). Dietary habits and mortality in 11,000 vegetarians and health conscious people: results of a 17 year follow up. BMJ., 313(7060), 775–779. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/8842068
Chapter 3
63: “Your body needs about forty…” Ames, B. N. (1999). Micronutrient deficiencies. A major cause of DNA damage. Ann N Y Acad Sci., 889, 87–106. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/10668486
64: “Vegetable oils and sugar…” Cordain, L., et al. (2005). Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century. Am J Clin Nutr., 81(2), 341–354. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/15699220
64: “In many cases…” Ames, B. N., & Wakimoto, P. (2002). Are vitamin and mineral deficiencies a major cancer risk? Nat Rev Cancer., 2(9), 694–704. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/12209158
65: “Simply put, nutrient deficiency…” Ames, B. N. (2006). Low micronutrient intake may accelerate the degenerative diseases of aging through allocation of scarce micronutrients by triage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A., 103(47), 17589–17594. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/17101959
65: “For example, magnesium…” Rylander, R. (1996). Environmental magnesium deficiency as a cardiovascular risk factor. J Cardiovasc Risk., 3(1), 4–10. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/8783025
65: “For example, magnesium…” He, K., et al. (2006). Magnesium intake and the metabolic syndrome: epidemiologic evidence to date. J Cardiometab Syndr., 1(5), 351–355. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/17679786
65: “Vitamin K2 deficiency…” Geleijnse, J. M., et al. (2004). Dietary intake of menaquinone is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease: the Rotterdam Study. J Nutr.,134(11), 3100–3105. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/15514282
65: “Deficiency of folate…” Ng, T. P., et al. (2012). Homocysteine, folate, vitamin B-12, and physical function in older adults: cross-sectional findings from the Singapore Longitudinal Ageing Study. Am J Clin Nutr., 96(6), 1362–1368. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/23134883
65: “Folate deficiency also…” Duthie, S. J. (1999). Folic acid deficiency and cancer: mechanisms of DNA instability. Br Med Bull., 55(3), 578–592. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/10746348
65: “You might be thinking…” Jacobs, Jr, D. R., Gross, M. D., & Tapsell, L. C. (2009). Food synergy: an operational concept for understanding nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr., 89(5), 1543S–1548S. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/19279083
66: “This may explain why…” U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. (2003). Routine vitamin supplementation to prevent cancer and cardiovascular disease: recommendations and rationale. Ann Intern Med., 139(1), 51–55. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/12834319
67: “Only about 2 to 20 percent…” National Institutes of Health. (2007). Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Iron. Retrieved from http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iron-HealthProfessional/
67: “For example, beta-carotene…” Holmberg, S., Thelin, A., & Stiernström, E. L. (2009). Food choices and coronary heart disease: a population based cohort study of rural Swedish men with 12 years of follow-up. Int J Environ Res Public Health., 6(10), 2626–2638. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/20054459
68: “Vitamin C also…” Teucher, B., Olivares, M., & Cori, H. (2004). Enhancers of iron absorption: ascorbic acid and other organic acids. Int J Vitam Nutr Res., 74(6), 403–419. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/15743017
70: “In order to address…” LaLonde, M. (2012). Nutrient Density: Sticking To The Essentials. Presented at the Ancestral Health Symposium, Harvard University, MA.
70: [chart] “Qualifying Nutrients…” LaLonde, M. (2012). Nutrient Density: Sticking To The Essentials. Presented at the Ancestral Health Symposium, Harvard University, MA.
70: [chart] “Average Nutrient-Density…” LaLonde, M. (2012). Nutrient Density: Sticking To The Essentials. Presented at the Ancestral Health Symposium, Harvard University, MA.
[In Dr. LaLonde’s formula, nutrient-density is equal to essential nutrients per 100 gram serving divided by the Recommended Daily Allowance.]
73: “Yet one serving of beef…” Self Nutrition Data. Retrieved from http://nutritiondata.com
73: “Studies have shown…” Zheng, J. J., et al. (1993). Measurement of zinc bioavailability from beef and a ready-to-eat high-fiber breakfast cereal in humans: application of a whole-gut lavage technique. Am J Clin Nutr., 58(6), 902–907. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/8249876
76: “This is significant because 85 percent…” Cordain, L., et al. (2005). Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century. Am J Clin Nutr., 81(2), 341–354. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/15699220
Chapter 4
80: “In the United States…” Carrera-Bastos, P., et al. (2011). The western diet and lifestyle and diseases of civilization. Research Reports in Clinical Cardiology, 2011(2), 15–35. Retrieved from http://www.dovepress.com/the-western-diet-and-lifestyle-and-diseases-of-civilization-peer-reviewed-article-RRCC-MVP
81: “That didn’t become clear…” Yan, D., & Holt, P. R. (2009). Willem Dicke. Brilliant clinical observer and translational investigator. Discoverer of the toxic cause of celiac disease. Clin Transl Sci., 2(6), 446–448. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/20443939
81: “But CD can also manifest…” Fasano, A. (2009). Surprises from celiac disease. Sci Am., 301(2), 54–61. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/19634568
81: “According to a study…” Rubio-Tapia, A., et al. (2009). Increased prevalence and mortality in undiagnosed celiac disease. Gastroenterology., 137(1), 88–93. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/19362553
81: “Today, official statistics…” Rubio-Tapia, A., et al. (2012). The prevalence of celiac disease in the United States. Am J Gastroenterol., 107(10), 1538–1544. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/22850429
[64] p. 82 “One in two new patients…”
82: “For every diagnosed case…” Catassi, C., et al. (1995). High prevalence of undiagnosed coeliac disease in 5280 Italian students screened by antigliadin antibodies. Acta Paediatr., 84(6), 672–676. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/7670254
82: “This silent form…” Rubio-Tapia, A., et al. (2009). Increased prevalence and mortality in undiagnosed celiac disease. Gastroenterology., 137(1), 88–93. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/19362553
82: “Type 1 diabetes” Greco, D., et al. (2013). Celiac disease in subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a prevalence study in western Sicily (Italy). Endocrine., 43(1), 108–111. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/22707396
82: “Multiple sclerosis” Rodrigo, L., et al. (2011). Prevalence of celiac disease in multiple sclerosis. BMC Neurol., 11, 31. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/21385364
82: “Dermatitis herpetiformis” Garioch, J. J., et al. (1994). 25 years’ experience of a gluten-free diet in the treatment of dermatitis herpetiformis. Br J Dermatol., 131(4), 541–545. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/7947207
82: “Autoimmune thyroid disease” Collin, P., et al. (2002). Endocrinological disorders and celiac disease. Endocr Rev., 23(4), 464–483. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/12202461
82: “Osteoporosis” Rastogi, A., et al. (2012). Celiac disease: A missed cause of metabolic bone disease. Indian J Endocrinol Metab., 16(5), 780–785. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/23087864
82: “Heart failure” Emilsson, L., et al. (2011). Increased risk of atrial fibrillation in patients with coeliac disease: a nationwide cohort study. Eur Heart J., 32(19), 2430–2437. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/21653560
82: “Depression” Häuser, W., et al. (2010). Anxiety and depression in adult patients with celiac disease on a gluten-free diet. World J Gastroenterol., 16(22), 2780–2787. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/20533598
82: “ADHD” Niederhofer, H. (2011). Association of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and celiac disease: a brief report. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord., 13(3), pii. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/21977364
82: “Arthritis” Lubrano, E., et al. (1996). The arthritis of coeliac disease: prevalence and pattern in 200 adult patients. Br J Rheumatol., 35(12), 1314–1318. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/9010064
82: “Migraine” Dimitrova, A. K., et al. (2013). Prevalence of migraine in patients with celiac disease and inflammatory bowel disease. Headache., 53(2), 344–355. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/23126519
82: “Allergies” Massari, S., et al. (2011). Occurrence of nonceliac gluten sensitivity in patients with allergic disease. Int Arch Allergy Immunol., 155(4), 389–394. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/21346369
82: “Asthma” Ludvigsson, J. F., et al. (2011). Celiac disease confers a 1.6-fold increased risk of asthma: a nationwide population-based cohort study. J Allergy Clin Immunol., 127(4), 1071–1073. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/21315431
82: “Obesity” Kabbani, T. A., et al. (2012). Body mass index and the risk of obesity in coeliac disease treated with the gluten-free diet. Aliment Pharmacol Ther., 35(6), 723–729. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/22316503
83: “I also explained…” Valentino, R., et al. (2002). Markers of potential coeliac disease in patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Eur J Endocrinol., 146(4), 479–483. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/11916614
83: “I also explained…” Akçay, M. N., & Akçay, G. (2003). The presence of the antigliadin antibodies in autoimmune thyroid diseases. Hepatogastroenterology., 50(Suppl 2), cclxxix–cclxxx. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/15244201
84: “Another way of defining it…” Lundin, K. E., & Alaedini, A. (2012). Non-celiac gluten sensitivity. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am., 22(4), 723–734. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/23083989
84: “Even with these limitations…” Rostami, K., & Hogg-Kollars, S. (2012). A Patient’s Journey. Non-coeliac gluten sensitivity. BMJ., 345, e7982. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/23204003
84: “The authors concluded…” Carroccio, A., et al. (2012). Non-celiac wheat sensitivity diagnosed by double-blind placebo-controlled challenge: exploring a new clinical entity. Am J Gastroenterol., 107(12), 1898–1906. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/22825366
84: “The list of documented signs…” Volta, U., & De Giorgio, R. (2012). New understanding of gluten sensitivity. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol., 9(5), 295–299. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/22371218
85: “For example, studies suggest…” Dickerson, F., et al. (2010). Markers of gluten sensitivity and celiac disease in recent-onset psychosis and multi-episode schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry., 68(1), 100–104. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/20471632
85: “For example, studies suggest…” Cascella, N. G., et al. (2011). Prevalence of celiac disease and gluten sensitivity in the United States clinical antipsychotic trials of intervention effectiveness study population. Schizophr Bull., 37(1), 94–100. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/19494248
85: “For example, studies suggest…” Bürk, K. et al. (2001). Sporadic cerebellar ataxia associated with gluten sensitivity. Brain., 124(Pt 5), 1013-1019. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/11335703
85: “Dr. Alessio Fasano…” Catassi, C., & Fasano, A. (2010). Celiac disease diagnosis: simple rules are better than complicated algorithms. Am J Med., 123(8), 691–693. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/20670718
86: “Moreover, about 50 percent…” Kristjánsson, G., Venge, P., & Hällgren, R. (2007). Mucosal reactivity to cow’s milk protein in coeliac disease. Clin Exp Immunol., 147(3), 449–455. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/17302893
86: “Moreover, about 50 percent…” Green, P. H., & Cellier, C. (2007). Celiac disease. N Engl J Med., 357(17), 1731–1743. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/17960014
86: “Researchers believe that…” Sollid, L. M., & Lie, B. A. (2005). Celiac disease genetics: current concepts and practical applications. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol., 3(9), 843–851. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/16234020
86: “Researchers believe that…” Lundin, K. E., & Alaedini, A. (2012). Non-celiac gluten sensitivity. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am., 22(4), 723–734. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/23083989
88: “Nor do grains…” Cordain, L. (1999). Cereal grains: humanity’s double-edged sword. World Rev Nutr Diet., 84, 19–73. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/10489816
89: “For example, intake of soybean oil…” Blasbalg, T. L., et al. (2011). Changes in consumption of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in the United States during the 20th century. Am J Clin Nutr., 93(5), 950–962. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/21367944
89: “However, the actual requirement…” Innis, S. M. (1991). Essential fatty acids in growth and development. Prog Lipid Res., 30(1), 39–103. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/1771170
89: “Studies show that…” Rett, B., & Whelan, J. (2011). Increasing dietary linoleic acid does not increase tissue arachidonic acid content in adults consuming Western-type diets: a systematic review. Nutr Metab., 8(36). Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3132704/
90: “In contrast, most traditional…” Kuipers, R. S., et al. (2010). Estimated macronutrient and fatty acid intakes from an East African Paleolithic diet. Br J Nutr., 104(11), 1666–1687. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/20860883
90: “It promotes the formation…” Ramsden, C. E., et al. (2012). Lowering dietary linoleic acid reduces bioactive oxidized linoleic acid metabolites in humans. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids., 87(4-5), 135–141. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/22959954
90: “Oxidized linoleic acid…” Staprans, I., et al. (2005). The role of dietary oxidized cholesterol and oxidized fatty acids in the development of atherosclerosis. Mol Nutr Food Res., 49(11), 1075–1082. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/16270280
90: “Oxidized linoleic acid…” Ramsden, C. E., et al. (2013). Use of dietary linoleic acid for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease and death: evaluation of recovered data from the Sydney Diet Heart Study and updated meta-analysis. BMJ., 346, e8707. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/23386268
90: “Reducing linoleic acid…” Ramsden, C. E., et al. (2012). Lowering dietary linoleic acid reduces bioactive oxidized linoleic acid metabolites in humans. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids., 87(4-5), 135–141. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/22959954
91: “One study demonstrated…” Ramsden, C. E., et al. (2013). Use of dietary linoleic acid for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease and death: evaluation of recovered data from the Sydney Diet Heart Study and updated meta-analysis. BMJ., 346, e8707. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/23386268
91: “An analysis of other randomized…” Ramsden, C. E., et al. (2010). n-6 Fatty acid-specific and mixed polyunsaturate dietary interventions have different effects on CHD risk: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Nutr., 104(11), 1586–1600. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/21118617
91: “Studies going back…” Meyer, B. J. et al. (1971). Some physiological effects of a mainly fruit diet in man. S Afr Med J., 45(8), 191–195. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/4928686
91: “Yet they are…” Marlowe, F. W., & Berbesque, J. C. (2009). Tubers as fallback foods and their impact on Hadza hunter-gatherers. Am J Phys Anthropol., 140(4), 751–758. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/19350623
91: “Yet they are…” McCullough, M. L., et al. (2006). Hypertension, the Kuna, and the epidemiology of flavanols. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol., 47(Suppl2), S103–109. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/16794446
92: “Most people fail to reduce…” Mattes, R. D. (1996). Dietary compensation by humans for supplemental energy provided as ethanol or carbohydrate in fluids. Physiol Behav.,59 (1), 179–187. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/8848479
92: “For example, a study…” De Castro, J. M. (1993). The effects of the spontaneous ingestion of particular foods or beverages on the meal pattern and overall nutrient intake of humans. Physiol Behav., 53(6), 1133–1144. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/8346296
92: “Another study showed…” Mattes, R. D. (1996). Dietary compensation by humans for supplemental energy provided as ethanol or carbohydrate in fluids. Physiol Behav.,59 (1), 179–187. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/8848479
92: “Added sugar causes weight gain…” Sievenpiper, J. L., et al. (2012). Effect of fructose on body weight in controlled feeding trials: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med.,156(4), 291–304. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/22351714
92: “Studies consistently show…” Erdmann, J. (2008)., et al. Development of hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance during the early stage of weight gain. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab., 294(3), E568–575. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/18171910
92: “Studies consistently show…” Sims, E. A., & Horton, E. S. (1968). Endocrine and metabolic adaptation to obesity and starvation. Am J Clin Nutr., 21(12), 1455–1470. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/4881681
92: “Excess fructose may be…” Beyer, P. L., Caviar, E. M., & McCallum, R. W. (2005). Fructose intake at current levels in the United States may cause gastrointestinal distress in normal adults. J Am Diet Assoc., 105(10), 1559–1566. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/16183355
92: “Here’s just a small…” Appleton, N., & Jacobs, G. N. 141 Reasons Sugar Ruins Your Health. Retrieved from http://nancyappleton.com/141-reasons-sugar-ruins-your-health/
Chapter 5
96: “In other words…” Jaminet, P. (2012). Perfect Health Diet: Regain Health and Lose Weight By Eating the Way You Were Meant to Eat. New York: Scribner. p. 136
96: “In fact, it leaves…” Jaminet, P. (2012). Perfect Health Diet: Regain Health and Lose Weight By Eating the Way You Were Meant to Eat. New York: Scribner. p. 136
96: “Play an important role…” McDonald, R. E., & Min, D. B. (1996). Food Lipids and Health. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. p. 101
96: “Protect the liver…” Nanji, A. A., et al. (1995). Dietary saturated fatty acids: a novel treatment for alcoholic liver disease. Gastroenterology, 109(2), 547–554. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/7615205
96: “Have beneficial effects…” Clevidence, B. A., et al. (1997). Plasma lipoprotein (a) levels in men and women consuming diets enriched in saturated, cis-, or trans-monounsaturated fatty acids. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol., 17(9), 1657–1661. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/9327759
96: “Have beneficial effects…” Santos, F. L., et al. (2012). Systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials of the effects of low carbohydrate diets on cardiovascular risk factors. Obes Rev, 13(11), 1048–1066. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/22905670
96: “Have beneficial effects…” Yamagishi, K., et al. (2010). Dietary intake of saturated fatty acids and mortality from cardiovascular disease in Japanese: the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk (JACC) Study. Am J Clin Nutr, 92(4), 759–765. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/20685950
96: “Support healthy immune…” Venkatraman, J. T., Leddy, J., & Pendergast, D. (2000). Dietary fats and immune status in athletes: clinical implications. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 32(Suppl 7), S389–395. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/10910295
96: “Regulate the availability…” Dabadie, H., et al. (2005). Moderate intake of myristic acid in sn-2 position has beneficial lipidic effects and enhances DHA of cholesteryl esters in an interventional study. J Nutr Biochem, 16(6), 375–382. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/15936650
97: [chart] “Foods and Oils…” U.S. Department of Agriculture. (2013). Interactive Nutrient Content of the U.S. Food Supply. Retrieved from http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/USFoodsupply.htm
98: “It’s true that…” Mensink, R. P., et al. (2003). Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr, 77(5), 1146–1155. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/12716665
98: “In fact, of all…” Guyenet, S. (2011). Does Dietary Saturated Fat Increase Blood Cholesterol? An Informal Review of Observational Studies. Retrieved from http://wholehealthsource.blogspot.com/2011/01/does-dietary-saturated-fat-increase.html
98: “A large review…” Siri-Tarino, P. W., et al. (2010). Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies evaluating the association of saturated fat with cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr, 91(3), 535–546. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/20071648
98: “They’re high in lauric acid…” Nakatsuji, T., et al. (2009). Antimicrobial property of lauric acid against Propionibacterium acnes: its therapeutic potential for inflammatory acne vulgaris. J Invest Dermatol, 129(10), 2480–2488. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/19387482
98: “They’re high in lauric acid…” Homung, B., Amtmann, E., & Sauer, G. (1994). Lauric acid inhibits the maturation of vesicular stomatitis virus. J Gen Virol, 75(Pt 2), 353–361. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/8113756
98: “They have a lower…” Baba, N., Bracco, E. F., & Hashim, S. A. (1982). Enhanced thermogenesis and diminished deposition of fat in response to overfeeding with diet containing medium chain triglyceride. Am J Clin Nutr, 35(4), 678–682. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/7072620
98: “Ketones and…” Gasior, M., Rogawsk, M. A., & Hartman, A. L. (2006). Neuroprotective and disease-modifying effects of the ketogenic diet. Behav Pharmacol, 17(5-6), 431–439. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/16940764
99: “A study at the…” Chavarro, J. E., et al. (2007). A prospective study of dairy foods intake and anovulatory infertility. Hum Reprod, 22(5), 1340–1347. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/17329264
100: “They reduce LDL…” Houston, M. C., et al. (2009). Nonpharmacologic treatment of dyslipidemia. Prog Cardiovasc Dis, 52(2), 61–94. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/19732602
100: “Some studies also suggest…” Yaqoob, P. (1998). Monounsaturated fats and immune function. Proc Nutr Soc, 57(4), 511–520. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/10096110
100: [chart] “Dietary Sources…” U.S. Department of Agriculture. (2013). Interactive Nutrient Content of the U.S. Food Supply. Retrieved from http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/USFoodsupply.htm
101: “CLA is inversely…” Gebauer, S. K., et al. (2011). Effects of ruminant trans fatty acids on cardiovascular disease and cancer: a comprehensive review of epidemiological, clinical, and mechanistic studies. Adv Nutr, 2(4), 332–354. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/22332075
102: “CLA may help…” Ryder, J. W., et al. (2001). Isomer-specific antidiabetic properties of conjugated linoleic acid. Improved glucose tolerance, skeletal muscle insulin action, and UCP-2 gene expression. Diabetes, 50(5), 1149–1157. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/11334420
102: “CLA may help…” Castro-Webb, N., Ruiz-Narváez, E. A., & Campos, H. (2012). Cross-sectional study of conjugated linoleic acid in adipose tissue and risk of diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr, 96(1), 175–181. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/22648724
102: “CLA has been shown…” Belury, M. A., et al. (2002). Conjugated linoleic acid is an activator and ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ). Nutrition Research, 22(7), 817–824. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0271531702003937
102: “CLA has been shown…” Ochoa, J. J., et al. (2004). Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) decrease prostate cancer cell proliferation: different molecular mechanisms for cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 isomers. Carcinogenesis, 25(7), 1185–1191. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/14976130
102: “Some research suggests…” Gaullier, J. M., et al. (2004). Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation for 1 y reduces body fat mass in healthy overweight humans. Am J Clin Nutr, 79(6), 1118–1125. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/15159244
102: “But these minor differences…” Gebauer, S. K., et al. (2011). Effects of ruminant trans fatty acids on cardiovascular disease and cancer: a comprehensive review of epidemiological, clinical, and mechanistic studies. Adv Nutr, 2(4), 332–354. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/22332075
102: “While natural trans fats…” Gerberding, J. L. (2009). Safer fats for healthier hearts: the case for eliminating dietary artificial trans fat intake. Ann Intern Med, 151(2), 137–138. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/19620167
102: “They promote inflammation…” Costa, A. G., Bressan, J., & Sabarense, C. M. (2006). Trans fatty acids: foods and effects on health. Arch Latinoam Nutr, 56(1), 12–21. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/16786729
102: “They promote inflammation…” Gerberding, J. L. (2009). Safer fats for healthier hearts: the case for eliminating dietary artificial trans fat intake. Ann Intern Med, 151(2), 137–138. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/19620167
102: “In fact, products from…” Dhiman, T. R., et al. (1999). Conjugated linoleic acid content of milk from cows fed different diets. J Dairy Sci, 82(10), 2146–2156. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/10531600
103: [chart] “Foods High In Naturally…” Yurawecz, M. P., et al. (2003). Advances in conjugated linoleic acid research. Amer Oil Chemists Society, 2, 103–111.
103: [chart] “Foods High In Artificial…” Center For Public in the Public Interest. Artificial Trans Fat Still in Supermarkets Despite Heart Risks. Retrieved from http://cspinet.org/new/pdf/trans-fat-product-list.pdf
104: “Furthermore, CLA supplements…” Stanton, J. (2011). Trans Fat Is Good For You, But Only If It’s From Meat and Butter: Vaccenic Acid and the Conjugated Linoleic Acids. Retrieved from http://www.gnolls.org/2619/trans-fat-is-good-for-you-but-only-if-its-from-meat-and-butter-vaccenic-acid-and-the-conjugated-linoleic-acids/
106: “It is necessary for…” Trappe, T. A., et al. (2001). Skeletal muscle PGF(2)(alpha) and PGE(2) in response to eccentric resistance exercise: influence of ibuprofen acetaminophen. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86(10), 5067–5070. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/11600586
106: “It is necessary for…” Crawford, M. A., & Sinclair, A. J. (1971). Nutritional influences in the evolution of mammalian brain. In: lipids, malnutrition & the developing brain. Ciba Found Symp, 267–292. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/4949878
107: “While it’s true that…” Node, K., et al. (1999). Anti-inflammatory properties of cytochrome P450 epoxygenase-derived eicosanoids. Science, 285(5431), 1276–1279. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/10455056
107: “Moreover, it’s now clear that…” Serhan, C. N. (2007). Resolution phase of inflammation: novel endogenous anti-inflammatory and proresolving lipid mediators and pathways. Annu Rev Immunol, 25, 101–137. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/17090225
107: “ARA is needed…” Serhan, C. N. (2009). Systems approach to inflammation resolution: identification of novel anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving mediators. J Thromb Haemost, 7(Suppl 1), 44–48. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/19630766
107: “In epidemiological studies…” Ferrucci, L., et al. (2006). Relationship of plasma polyunsaturated fatty acids to circulating inflammatory markers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 91(2), 439–446. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/16234304
107: “In epidemiological studies…” Pischon, T., et al. (2003). Habitual dietary intake of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids in relation to inflammatory markers among US men and women. Circulation,108(2), 155–160. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/12821543
107: “And clinical studies have found…” Kelley, D. S., et al. (1998). Arachidonic acid supplementation enhances synthesis of eicosanoids without suppressing immune functions in young healthy men. Lipids, 33(2), 125–130. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/9507233
108: [chart] “Industrial Seed Oils…” Self Nutrition Data. Retrieved from http://nutritiondata.com
108: [chart] “Foods With High…” U.S. Department of Agriculture. (2013). Interactive Nutrient Content of the U.S. Food Supply. Retrieved from http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/USFoodsupply.htm
109: “Since this conversion depends…” Ames, B. N., & Wakimoto, P. (2002). Are vitamin and mineral deficiencies a major cancer risk? Nat Rev Cancer., 2(9), 694–704. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/12209158
109: “Since this conversion depends…” Plourde, M., & Cunnane, S. C. (2007). Extremely limited synthesis of long chain polyunsaturates in adults: implications for their dietary essentiality and use as supplements. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab., 32(4), 619–634. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/17622276
109: “During the Paleolithic era…” Kuipers, R. S., et al. (2010). Estimated macronutrient and fatty acid intakes from an East African Paleolithic diet. Br J Nutr., 104(11), 1666–1687. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/20860883
110: “Anthropological research suggests…” Kuipers, R. S., et al. (2010). Estimated macronutrient and fatty acid intakes from an East African Paleolithic diet. Br J Nutr., 104(11), 1666–1687. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/20860883
110: “These changes have shifted…” Blasbalg, T. L., et al. (2011). Changes in consumption of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in the United States during the 20th century. Am J Clin Nutr., 93(5), 950–962. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/21367944
110: “Many scientists believe…” Ramsden, C. E., et al. (2012). Lowering dietary linoleic acid reduces bioactive oxidized linoleic acid metabolites in humans. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids., 87(4-5), 135–141. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/22959954
110: “Many scientists believe…” Liou, Y. A., et al. (2007). Decreasing linoleic acid with constant alpha-linolenic acid in dietary fats increases (n-3) eicosapentaenoic acid in plasma phospholipids in healthy men. J Nutr, 137(4), 945–952. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/17374659
110: “Many scientists believe…” Ramsden, C. E., et al. (2010). n-6 Fatty acid-specific and mixed polyunsaturate dietary interventions have different effects on CHD risk: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Nutr., 104(11), 1586–1600. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/21118617
111: “Even modest consumption…” Baigent, C., et al. (2005). Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet, 366(9493), 1267–1278. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/16214597
111: “Low levels of DHA…” Novak, E. M., Dyer, R. A., & Innis, S. M. (2008). High dietary omega-6 fatty acids contribute to reduced docosahexaenoic acid in the developing brain and inhibit secondary neurite growth. Brain Res, 1237, 136–145. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/18710653
111: “Low levels of DHA…” Harris, W. S., et al. (2009). Towards establishing dietary reference intakes for eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. J Nutr, 139(4), 804S–819S. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/19244379
111: “Regular consumption of fish…” Houston, M. C., et al. (2009). Nonpharmacologic treatment of dyslipidemia. Prog Cardiovasc Dis, 52(2), 61–94. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/19732602
113: [chart] “Foods Highest In…” U.S. Department of Agriculture. (2005). The Report of the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee on Dietary Guidelines for Americans, Appendix G2: Original Food Guide Pyramid Patterns and Description of USDA Analyses. Retrieved from http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2005/report/html/table_g2_adda2.htm
114: “Be aware that…” Cao, J., et al. (2006). Incorporation and clearance of omega-3 fatty acids in erythrocyte membranes and plasma phospholipids. Clin Chem, 52(12), 2265–2272. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/17053155
114: “Be aware that…” Leaf, A., et al. (1994). Do fish oils prevent restenosis after coronary angioplasty? Circulation, 90(5), 2248–2257. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/7955181
114: “A randomized trial showed…” Allard, J. P., et al. (1997). Lipid peroxidation during n-3 fatty acid and vitamin E supplementation in humans. Lipids, 32(5), 535–541. Retrieved from http://pmid.us/9168460
